Introduction
Male infertility is a significant global health issue, contributing to approximately half of all infertility cases among couples. Despite its prevalence, male infertility remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. Andrology provides the scientific framework necessary to understand the biological, environmental, and lifestyle factors that impair male reproductive function.
Causes of Male Infertility
Male infertility may result from hormonal imbalances, erotic activity, genetic abnormalities, varicocele, infections, testicular trauma, obstructive disorders, or systemic illnesses. Environmental exposure to toxins, excessive heat, radiation, smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, and chronic stress further compromise sperm production and quality.
Diagnostic Evaluation in Andrology
Andrological diagnosis begins with a detailed medical and reproductive history, followed by physical examination. Semen analysis remains the cornerstone of evaluation, assessing sperm concentration, motility, morphology, and vitality. Additional tests may include hormonal profiling, genetic screening, scrotal ultrasonography, and sperm DNA fragmentation analysis.
Management and Treatment
Treatment strategies depend on the underlying cause and may include medical therapy, surgical correction, lifestyle modification, nutritional supplementation, or assisted reproductive technologies. Andrology emphasizes individualized and evidence-based treatment approaches.
Conclusion
Male infertility is often manageable when appropriately diagnosed. Andrological intervention significantly improves reproductive outcomes and psychological well-being.